DESIGN OF ROBUST REQUEST/RESPONSE MECHANISM FOR INFORMATION
RETRIEVAL IN E-GOVERNANCE
Ramalingam.M, Thiagarasu.V, Narendran.P
Lecturers in Department of computer Science,
Gobi Arts & Science College, Gobi
Email:m_ramalingammsc@yahoo.co.in, gascavt@gmail.com,
ABSTRACT
Information retrieval in e-governance is a challenging issue in recent years. Only few researches focus on quick information retrieval and right information at right time. The need for e-governance initiatives and the innovative methods used for quick information retrieval are discussed. This research paper brings out the necessity of robustness in information retrieval. Though various information retrieval methods are used, the authors felt that the request/response mechanism needs to be strongly implemented. This research work proposes a robust request/response mechanism to know and to verify the information under the e-governance. A model has been designed to post the request, to process the received request and to send the information in an automatic and robust way. This model gives the unavailable information at the time of request to the client in a robust way immediately when the required information becomes available using client/server strategy. The benefits of request/response mechanism for information retrieval in e-governance are discussed with future scope.
Keywords: Information Retrieval, Request/Response Mechanism,
Client/Server Computing and E-Governance.
1. Introduction
E-Governance is a broader topic that deals with the whole spectrum of the relationship and networks within government regarding the usage and application. E-Governance is a wider concept that defines and assesses the impacts technologies are having on the practice and administration of governments and the relationships between public servants and the wider society, such as dealings with the elected bodies or outside groups such as not for profits organizations, NGOs or private sector corporate entities. E-Governance encompasses a series of necessary steps for government agencies to develop and administer to ensure successful implementation of e-government services to the public at large. A critical issue is the way of managing data, information and knowledge: data most of the time structured according to data models, often using proprietary formats, leading to consistency problems for the exchanges. The use of international standards is a good way of improving quality of the information systems used in production management, since they facilitate interoperability of the software tools used
1.1. Types of e-government transactions
E-Government services focus on four main customers: citizens, the business community, government employees, and government agencies. E-government aims to make interaction with citizens, businesses, government employees, government agencies and other governments more convenient, friendly, transparent, inexpensive and effective.
In an e-government system, individuals are able to initiate a request for a particular government service and then receive that government service through the Internet or some computerized mechanism. In some cases, the government service is delivered through one government office, instead of many. In other cases, a government transaction is completed without direct in-person contact with a government employee.
1.2. The need for E-Governance
In the late 1990s, India's population was estimated to be about one bn, 50 percent of which lived in villages. More than 70 percent of the people living in villages were illiterate. These people earned their livelihood primarily from farming, trading and other allied activities. Agriculture accounted for approximately 25 percent of India's gross domestic product (GDP) and employed nearly 65 percent of the population in villages. A majority of villages in India have neither a telecommunication network nor a proper public transport system. Now a days, Global village internet centers have been established to assist E-governances.
1.3. Services delivered through e-government
The four types of e-government services are Government-to-Citizen (G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B), Government-to-Employee (G2E), and Government-to-Government (G2G). G2C includes information dissemination to the public, basic citizen services such as license renewals, ordering of birth/death/marriage certificates and filing of income taxes, as well as citizen assistance for such basic services as education, health care, hospital information and libraries.
2. Innovations in E-governance
2.1. Telecentres and development
It would seem from the perspective of the political economy of communication, that much of the current impetus to wire the world is generated by IT companies that are poised to gain most from such wirings. The more e-governance projects, the more technology, wires, software, hardware. An article in The Economist (2005) has claimed that instead of investing in telecentres, mobile telephony will make all the difference. ‘‘Instead of messing around with telecentres and infrastructure projects of dubious merit, the best thing governments in the developing world can do is to liberalize their telecoms markets, doing away with lumbering state monopolies and encouraging competition”.
2.2. Innovative E-Governance Projects
Bhoomi
Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka state, is a renowned IT destination in India, with top global companies like GE, IBM, HP, Dell having established their IT bases there. The Government of Karnataka launched several e-governance initiatives, out of which the Bhoomi project earned widespread appreciation across India.
Singapore's e-citizen Portal
Through Singapore’s e-citizen portal (http://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/), Singaporeans are able to access about 1,600 e-services pertaining to business, health, education, recreation, employment, and family. Of this, 1,300 e-services are completely transacted by citizens with government online. The e-citizen portal is divided into categories based on the real-life needs of every individual, with every single ministry and statutory board providing e-services through the same portal. Singaporeans thus have one-stop access to government services; they are spared having to navigate through the bureaucratic jungle.
2.3. Internet Vs e-government
G2B transactions include various services exchanged between government and the business community, including dissemination of policies, memos, rules and regulations. Business services offered include obtaining current business information, downloading application forms, renewing licenses, registering businesses, obtaining permits, and payment of taxes. The services offered through G2B transactions also assist in business development, specifically the development of small and medium enterprises. Simplifying application procedures that would facilitate the approval process for SME requests would encourage business development.
On a higher level, G2B services include e-procurement, an online government-supplier exchange for the purchase of goods and services by government. Typically, e-procurement Web sites allow qualified and registered users to look for buyers or sellers of goods and services. Depending on the approach, buyers or sellers may specify prices or invite bids. E-Procurement makes the bidding process transparent and enables smaller businesses to bid for big government procurement projects. The system also helps government generate bigger savings, as costs from middlemen are shaved off and purchasing agents’ overhead is reduced.
3. Methods of information retrieval
India, over the past decade, has become a test bed for innovations in information and communication technologies (ICT) serving the rural user. Various reasons explain this emergence. The most obvious may be that rural India has remained poor while the rest of the country has moved ahead. Another reason is the large, underserved market that rural India’s 700 million people represent. These can include sophisticated services, such as cable TV for entertainment and voice telephony to negotiate rates for labor or produce .Further, unlike many other developing countries, the country boasts a labor force skilled in ICT.
For supplementing country’s Rural Development efforts, the Govt. of India has been focusing extensively on e-Governance services for the delivery of citizen services. There is a wide-consensus on the Objectives and Benefits of the e-Governance services:
Minimizing distance to access.
Extending access to un-served groups.
Introducing transparency.
Simplifying transaction procedures.
Minimizing costs to citizens.
Minimizing cost to Govt. (internal efficiency)
Increasing the Govt. revenue.
Improving the time to transact for citizens& Govt.
Offering new services.
Modernization/adoption of best practices.
3.1. Govt. Kiosks Models
The Govt. has a major stake in the delivery of its services to the citizens, committed as it is to SMART (Simple, Moral, Accountable. Responsive and Transparent) Governance; majority of the Kiosks researched are owned by the Govt. Broadly the Govt. owned and Govt. run Kiosks offer services in the below service domains:
e-Municipality
e-Panchayat
Integrated Citizen Service Centres
Properties and Assets Registration and Transfers
Transportation.
e-Taxation
Agriculture and Natural Resources Management and Informational Services
e-Health including Tele Medicine
Informational
Out of the estimated 12,000-13,000 Kiosks in the country; 45% Kiosks are owned by the Govt. or Govt. mandated Agencies. Out of these 45% overall Kiosks; over 65% Kiosks across the country are located in the rural and peri-urban areas; and remainder in the urban areas.
3.2. Request / Response mechanism
In today's business world, corporations must be able to react to the changing market needs rapidly, effectively, and responsively. They must be able to reduce their time to market and adapt to the changing environments. Decisions must be made quickly and they must be done right the first time out. Corporations can no longer waits time repeating tasks, thereby prolonging the time it takes to bring new products to market.
Innovations can be enhanced by sharing the resources and information. To share the information, it is necessary to introduce a request/response mechanism. This work is an attempt to develop a general model for information retrieval which can be adapted for some situations. Response is then defined as the process of managing dependencies between requests. In this context, a theoretical model is presented that allows one to determine how to model software activities and how to detect dependencies between those requests.
4. Design of an information model
The purpose of work is to design an information model for e-governance used to execute multiple requests simultaneously. The proposed model is used to gather information necessary for multiple executions that will reflect the data dependencies among the specified requests. It is necessary to have an execution schedule during the execution of collection of requests. One of the premises for the execution is that whenever it is possible to start independent request simultaneously, all of them must be initiated. This requires that every request dependency must be known before the execution. This condition fundamentally shapes the nature of the model and the mechanism for its interpretation. All the request specifications must be known before the execution takes place, and therefore, the information about all of them must be stored at the beginning. A proposed algorithm has been constructed with the following goals:
1.It is intended to be used by non- programmers and should be simple.
2.It should provide mechanism for both explicit and implicit request ordering.
3.It should have a free form to apply for all languages.
4.1. Middleware and technology standards
There is a need to introduce the concept of middleware and technology standards as a tool to develop integral, scalable and robust E-Governance solutions, while employing multiple solution providers. The middleware should support processes involving multi-department and multi-agency workflows. For this purpose, it is necessary that the different department offices and also external agencies are interconnected and share the same underlying back-end databases and applications. The middleware also should be able to facilitate integration with legacy systems.
Middleware needs to provide services such as identification, authentication, authorization, directories, and security to all applications. By promoting standardization and interoperability, middleware will make advanced network applications much easier to use. The key middleware components are (a) Web Application Server, (b) Inter-application communication and messaging and collaboration software (c) Language and data interchange standards.
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
Service-Oriented Solutions: Applications must be developed as independent sets
of interacting services offering well-defined interfaces to their potential users. Similarly, supporting technology must be available to allow application Developers to browse collections of services, select those of interest, and assemble them to create the desired functionality. A service is generally implemented as coarse-grained, discoverable software entity that exists as a single instance and interacts with applications and other services through a loosely coupled (often asynchronous), message-based communication model.
Present mode of systems development is largely based on proprietary standards that provide limited scope for information exchange and integration with other systems. Legacy systems need to be integrated with the present technologies without compromising the information and data. Technological advances makes it necessary to migrate to new systems and platform, in which case locked in to a particular technology or platform happens most often. This model is a form of computing where one program (the request) communicates with another program(the response) for the purpose of exchanging information. This architecture concerns how information is distributed over the network, nature of the request and the information resource
4.2. Request/Response Architecture
The basic characteristic of the request/response architecture are:
the combination of a client or front-end portion that interacts with the user, and a server or back-end that interacts with the shared information.
the front-end and back-end with different hardware and software.
the system can be scaled horizontally or vertically.
In this model, major concepts are developed in terms of components of request /response mechanism, situations of information request, coordination mechanisms and the information retrieval process.
Stakeholder preferences may be based on the perceived value or urgency of delivered requirements to the different stakeholders involved. The technical priorities and individual stakeholder priorities may be in conflict and difficult to reconcile. This paper provides (i) a method for optimally allocating requirements to increments; (ii) a means of assessing and optimizing the degree to which the ordering conflicts with stakeholder priorities within technical precedence constraints; (iii) a means of balancing required and available resources for all increments; and (iv) an overall method aimed at the continuous planning of incremental software development. The optimization method used is iterative and essentially based request/response mechanism. A set of the most promising candidate solutions is generated to support the final decision.
4.3 Dependency among Requests
When the client needs the services from a server, it sends a request to the server and repeats requesting, if necessary, until a positive acknowledgment is received from the server. When it receives a completion interrupt from the server, it starts to receive the result.
A server waits for the arrival of a request from the client. After the receipt of a request, it sends a positive acknowledgment message to the client and then executes the request. Once the execution is completed the server sends a completion interrupt to the client, then sends the result and awaits for the arrival of the next request from the client.
5. Conclusion
To achieve higher flexibility and to better satisfy actual customer requirements, there is an increasing tendency to develop and deliver information in an incremental fashion. In adopting this process, requirements are delivered in releases and so a decision has to be made on which requirements should be delivered in which release. Three main considerations that need to be taken account of are the technical precedences inherent in the requirements, the typically conflicting priorities as determined by the representative stakeholders, as well as the balance between required and available effort. The technical precedence constraints relate to situations where one requirement cannot be implemented until another is completed or where one requirement is implemented in the same increment as another one.
The modularity and flexibility offered by request/response mechanism makes and invaluable tool to gather information from various requests. The model presents the design of coordination software that monitors the multiple requests for coordination. This paper focuses exclusively on coordination in multiple requests during execution of different processes to attain a specified goal and not on potential failures and exceptions during run time.
Reference:
1. D. Greer and G. Ruhe, Information and Software technology, Volume 6, No. 4, March 2004.
2. Prabavathi G.T. and Thiagarasu V., Intelligent Agents for information retrieval in distributed Systems, Proceeding of the National Conference on Information Technology (NCCIT-2001), pp.129-140, Sep.2001.
3. Interoperability Framework for E-Governance –Technical Standards Version 1.0
brought out by NIC in 2004
4. Thomas B. Riley (rtriley6@cs.com) is the Chair and Executive Director of the Commonwealth Centre for e-Governance and President of Riley Information Services
5. CCEG is a designated think tank of the Commonwealth Secretariat, London, UK. CCEG, an international organization, is located in Ottawa, Canada.
6. Nick V. Flor WEB BUSINESS ENGINEERING Addison-Wesley, New York
They also contribute to the integration of the production process in a product life cycle management-based approach. This study presents the ISO 15531 MANDATE standard for the exchanges of industrial manufacturing management data. In terms of industrial maturity, MANDATE is a new standard, whose development is based on research work done by the authors and whose parts have not reached the IS status (necessary for sake of stability) at the same time. For this reason, the different models proposed by the standard have not been implemented altogether at the same time. Indeed numerous standards do exist in the domain of production information management, however the information models proposed are not always compatible in between them, the vocabulary used is not defined in the same way even though the terms used are the same: ontology-based approaches are sometimes necessary to find the common `essence' of the information handled, but they can be integrated in software interfaces, thus making easier to convey a higher level of semantics in the exchanges. This study presents one of those approaches, defined in the INTEROP NoE EC funded project.
Key Words: manufacturing management • ontologies • information models • modules • international standard • knowledge management.
RETRIEVAL IN E-GOVERNANCE
Ramalingam.M, Thiagarasu.V, Narendran.P
Lecturers in Department of computer Science,
Gobi Arts & Science College, Gobi
Email:m_ramalingammsc@yahoo.co.in, gascavt@gmail.com,
ABSTRACT
Information retrieval in e-governance is a challenging issue in recent years. Only few researches focus on quick information retrieval and right information at right time. The need for e-governance initiatives and the innovative methods used for quick information retrieval are discussed. This research paper brings out the necessity of robustness in information retrieval. Though various information retrieval methods are used, the authors felt that the request/response mechanism needs to be strongly implemented. This research work proposes a robust request/response mechanism to know and to verify the information under the e-governance. A model has been designed to post the request, to process the received request and to send the information in an automatic and robust way. This model gives the unavailable information at the time of request to the client in a robust way immediately when the required information becomes available using client/server strategy. The benefits of request/response mechanism for information retrieval in e-governance are discussed with future scope.
Keywords: Information Retrieval, Request/Response Mechanism,
Client/Server Computing and E-Governance.
1. Introduction
E-Governance is a broader topic that deals with the whole spectrum of the relationship and networks within government regarding the usage and application. E-Governance is a wider concept that defines and assesses the impacts technologies are having on the practice and administration of governments and the relationships between public servants and the wider society, such as dealings with the elected bodies or outside groups such as not for profits organizations, NGOs or private sector corporate entities. E-Governance encompasses a series of necessary steps for government agencies to develop and administer to ensure successful implementation of e-government services to the public at large. A critical issue is the way of managing data, information and knowledge: data most of the time structured according to data models, often using proprietary formats, leading to consistency problems for the exchanges. The use of international standards is a good way of improving quality of the information systems used in production management, since they facilitate interoperability of the software tools used
1.1. Types of e-government transactions
E-Government services focus on four main customers: citizens, the business community, government employees, and government agencies. E-government aims to make interaction with citizens, businesses, government employees, government agencies and other governments more convenient, friendly, transparent, inexpensive and effective.
In an e-government system, individuals are able to initiate a request for a particular government service and then receive that government service through the Internet or some computerized mechanism. In some cases, the government service is delivered through one government office, instead of many. In other cases, a government transaction is completed without direct in-person contact with a government employee.
1.2. The need for E-Governance
In the late 1990s, India's population was estimated to be about one bn, 50 percent of which lived in villages. More than 70 percent of the people living in villages were illiterate. These people earned their livelihood primarily from farming, trading and other allied activities. Agriculture accounted for approximately 25 percent of India's gross domestic product (GDP) and employed nearly 65 percent of the population in villages. A majority of villages in India have neither a telecommunication network nor a proper public transport system. Now a days, Global village internet centers have been established to assist E-governances.
1.3. Services delivered through e-government
The four types of e-government services are Government-to-Citizen (G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B), Government-to-Employee (G2E), and Government-to-Government (G2G). G2C includes information dissemination to the public, basic citizen services such as license renewals, ordering of birth/death/marriage certificates and filing of income taxes, as well as citizen assistance for such basic services as education, health care, hospital information and libraries.
2. Innovations in E-governance
2.1. Telecentres and development
It would seem from the perspective of the political economy of communication, that much of the current impetus to wire the world is generated by IT companies that are poised to gain most from such wirings. The more e-governance projects, the more technology, wires, software, hardware. An article in The Economist (2005) has claimed that instead of investing in telecentres, mobile telephony will make all the difference. ‘‘Instead of messing around with telecentres and infrastructure projects of dubious merit, the best thing governments in the developing world can do is to liberalize their telecoms markets, doing away with lumbering state monopolies and encouraging competition”.
2.2. Innovative E-Governance Projects
Bhoomi
Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka state, is a renowned IT destination in India, with top global companies like GE, IBM, HP, Dell having established their IT bases there. The Government of Karnataka launched several e-governance initiatives, out of which the Bhoomi project earned widespread appreciation across India.
Singapore's e-citizen Portal
Through Singapore’s e-citizen portal (http://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/), Singaporeans are able to access about 1,600 e-services pertaining to business, health, education, recreation, employment, and family. Of this, 1,300 e-services are completely transacted by citizens with government online. The e-citizen portal is divided into categories based on the real-life needs of every individual, with every single ministry and statutory board providing e-services through the same portal. Singaporeans thus have one-stop access to government services; they are spared having to navigate through the bureaucratic jungle.
2.3. Internet Vs e-government
G2B transactions include various services exchanged between government and the business community, including dissemination of policies, memos, rules and regulations. Business services offered include obtaining current business information, downloading application forms, renewing licenses, registering businesses, obtaining permits, and payment of taxes. The services offered through G2B transactions also assist in business development, specifically the development of small and medium enterprises. Simplifying application procedures that would facilitate the approval process for SME requests would encourage business development.
On a higher level, G2B services include e-procurement, an online government-supplier exchange for the purchase of goods and services by government. Typically, e-procurement Web sites allow qualified and registered users to look for buyers or sellers of goods and services. Depending on the approach, buyers or sellers may specify prices or invite bids. E-Procurement makes the bidding process transparent and enables smaller businesses to bid for big government procurement projects. The system also helps government generate bigger savings, as costs from middlemen are shaved off and purchasing agents’ overhead is reduced.
3. Methods of information retrieval
India, over the past decade, has become a test bed for innovations in information and communication technologies (ICT) serving the rural user. Various reasons explain this emergence. The most obvious may be that rural India has remained poor while the rest of the country has moved ahead. Another reason is the large, underserved market that rural India’s 700 million people represent. These can include sophisticated services, such as cable TV for entertainment and voice telephony to negotiate rates for labor or produce .Further, unlike many other developing countries, the country boasts a labor force skilled in ICT.
For supplementing country’s Rural Development efforts, the Govt. of India has been focusing extensively on e-Governance services for the delivery of citizen services. There is a wide-consensus on the Objectives and Benefits of the e-Governance services:
Minimizing distance to access.
Extending access to un-served groups.
Introducing transparency.
Simplifying transaction procedures.
Minimizing costs to citizens.
Minimizing cost to Govt. (internal efficiency)
Increasing the Govt. revenue.
Improving the time to transact for citizens& Govt.
Offering new services.
Modernization/adoption of best practices.
3.1. Govt. Kiosks Models
The Govt. has a major stake in the delivery of its services to the citizens, committed as it is to SMART (Simple, Moral, Accountable. Responsive and Transparent) Governance; majority of the Kiosks researched are owned by the Govt. Broadly the Govt. owned and Govt. run Kiosks offer services in the below service domains:
e-Municipality
e-Panchayat
Integrated Citizen Service Centres
Properties and Assets Registration and Transfers
Transportation.
e-Taxation
Agriculture and Natural Resources Management and Informational Services
e-Health including Tele Medicine
Informational
Out of the estimated 12,000-13,000 Kiosks in the country; 45% Kiosks are owned by the Govt. or Govt. mandated Agencies. Out of these 45% overall Kiosks; over 65% Kiosks across the country are located in the rural and peri-urban areas; and remainder in the urban areas.
3.2. Request / Response mechanism
In today's business world, corporations must be able to react to the changing market needs rapidly, effectively, and responsively. They must be able to reduce their time to market and adapt to the changing environments. Decisions must be made quickly and they must be done right the first time out. Corporations can no longer waits time repeating tasks, thereby prolonging the time it takes to bring new products to market.
Innovations can be enhanced by sharing the resources and information. To share the information, it is necessary to introduce a request/response mechanism. This work is an attempt to develop a general model for information retrieval which can be adapted for some situations. Response is then defined as the process of managing dependencies between requests. In this context, a theoretical model is presented that allows one to determine how to model software activities and how to detect dependencies between those requests.
4. Design of an information model
The purpose of work is to design an information model for e-governance used to execute multiple requests simultaneously. The proposed model is used to gather information necessary for multiple executions that will reflect the data dependencies among the specified requests. It is necessary to have an execution schedule during the execution of collection of requests. One of the premises for the execution is that whenever it is possible to start independent request simultaneously, all of them must be initiated. This requires that every request dependency must be known before the execution. This condition fundamentally shapes the nature of the model and the mechanism for its interpretation. All the request specifications must be known before the execution takes place, and therefore, the information about all of them must be stored at the beginning. A proposed algorithm has been constructed with the following goals:
1.It is intended to be used by non- programmers and should be simple.
2.It should provide mechanism for both explicit and implicit request ordering.
3.It should have a free form to apply for all languages.
4.1. Middleware and technology standards
There is a need to introduce the concept of middleware and technology standards as a tool to develop integral, scalable and robust E-Governance solutions, while employing multiple solution providers. The middleware should support processes involving multi-department and multi-agency workflows. For this purpose, it is necessary that the different department offices and also external agencies are interconnected and share the same underlying back-end databases and applications. The middleware also should be able to facilitate integration with legacy systems.
Middleware needs to provide services such as identification, authentication, authorization, directories, and security to all applications. By promoting standardization and interoperability, middleware will make advanced network applications much easier to use. The key middleware components are (a) Web Application Server, (b) Inter-application communication and messaging and collaboration software (c) Language and data interchange standards.
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
Service-Oriented Solutions: Applications must be developed as independent sets
of interacting services offering well-defined interfaces to their potential users. Similarly, supporting technology must be available to allow application Developers to browse collections of services, select those of interest, and assemble them to create the desired functionality. A service is generally implemented as coarse-grained, discoverable software entity that exists as a single instance and interacts with applications and other services through a loosely coupled (often asynchronous), message-based communication model.
Present mode of systems development is largely based on proprietary standards that provide limited scope for information exchange and integration with other systems. Legacy systems need to be integrated with the present technologies without compromising the information and data. Technological advances makes it necessary to migrate to new systems and platform, in which case locked in to a particular technology or platform happens most often. This model is a form of computing where one program (the request) communicates with another program(the response) for the purpose of exchanging information. This architecture concerns how information is distributed over the network, nature of the request and the information resource
4.2. Request/Response Architecture
The basic characteristic of the request/response architecture are:
the combination of a client or front-end portion that interacts with the user, and a server or back-end that interacts with the shared information.
the front-end and back-end with different hardware and software.
the system can be scaled horizontally or vertically.
In this model, major concepts are developed in terms of components of request /response mechanism, situations of information request, coordination mechanisms and the information retrieval process.
Stakeholder preferences may be based on the perceived value or urgency of delivered requirements to the different stakeholders involved. The technical priorities and individual stakeholder priorities may be in conflict and difficult to reconcile. This paper provides (i) a method for optimally allocating requirements to increments; (ii) a means of assessing and optimizing the degree to which the ordering conflicts with stakeholder priorities within technical precedence constraints; (iii) a means of balancing required and available resources for all increments; and (iv) an overall method aimed at the continuous planning of incremental software development. The optimization method used is iterative and essentially based request/response mechanism. A set of the most promising candidate solutions is generated to support the final decision.
4.3 Dependency among Requests
When the client needs the services from a server, it sends a request to the server and repeats requesting, if necessary, until a positive acknowledgment is received from the server. When it receives a completion interrupt from the server, it starts to receive the result.
A server waits for the arrival of a request from the client. After the receipt of a request, it sends a positive acknowledgment message to the client and then executes the request. Once the execution is completed the server sends a completion interrupt to the client, then sends the result and awaits for the arrival of the next request from the client.
5. Conclusion
To achieve higher flexibility and to better satisfy actual customer requirements, there is an increasing tendency to develop and deliver information in an incremental fashion. In adopting this process, requirements are delivered in releases and so a decision has to be made on which requirements should be delivered in which release. Three main considerations that need to be taken account of are the technical precedences inherent in the requirements, the typically conflicting priorities as determined by the representative stakeholders, as well as the balance between required and available effort. The technical precedence constraints relate to situations where one requirement cannot be implemented until another is completed or where one requirement is implemented in the same increment as another one.
The modularity and flexibility offered by request/response mechanism makes and invaluable tool to gather information from various requests. The model presents the design of coordination software that monitors the multiple requests for coordination. This paper focuses exclusively on coordination in multiple requests during execution of different processes to attain a specified goal and not on potential failures and exceptions during run time.
Reference:
1. D. Greer and G. Ruhe, Information and Software technology, Volume 6, No. 4, March 2004.
2. Prabavathi G.T. and Thiagarasu V., Intelligent Agents for information retrieval in distributed Systems, Proceeding of the National Conference on Information Technology (NCCIT-2001), pp.129-140, Sep.2001.
3. Interoperability Framework for E-Governance –Technical Standards Version 1.0
brought out by NIC in 2004
4. Thomas B. Riley (rtriley6@cs.com) is the Chair and Executive Director of the Commonwealth Centre for e-Governance and President of Riley Information Services
5. CCEG is a designated think tank of the Commonwealth Secretariat, London, UK. CCEG, an international organization, is located in Ottawa, Canada.
6. Nick V. Flor WEB BUSINESS ENGINEERING Addison-Wesley, New York
They also contribute to the integration of the production process in a product life cycle management-based approach. This study presents the ISO 15531 MANDATE standard for the exchanges of industrial manufacturing management data. In terms of industrial maturity, MANDATE is a new standard, whose development is based on research work done by the authors and whose parts have not reached the IS status (necessary for sake of stability) at the same time. For this reason, the different models proposed by the standard have not been implemented altogether at the same time. Indeed numerous standards do exist in the domain of production information management, however the information models proposed are not always compatible in between them, the vocabulary used is not defined in the same way even though the terms used are the same: ontology-based approaches are sometimes necessary to find the common `essence' of the information handled, but they can be integrated in software interfaces, thus making easier to convey a higher level of semantics in the exchanges. This study presents one of those approaches, defined in the INTEROP NoE EC funded project.
Key Words: manufacturing management • ontologies • information models • modules • international standard • knowledge management.
